Singularity
Trades Own Strategy BrokerTransmit
- hypothetical · Cumul. Return
- 12.1%
- Max Drawdown
- 15.6%
- Trades
- 149
- Win Trades
- 37.6%
- Profit Factor
- 1.20
- Win Months
- 50.0%
About this strategy
Singularity is a fully automated quantitative trading system focused exclusively on the Nasdaq-100 futures market.
The system comprises a diversified portfolio of independently developed systematic models designed to capture different market behaviors and sources of market edge. Rather than relying on a single methodology, each model contributes to the overall portfolio with the objective of improving consistency and reducing dependence on any individual trading approach.
The underlying research was performed using Nasdaq-100 futures (NQ), while the live implementation currently executes using Micro E-mini Nasdaq-100 (MNQ) futures. This reflects account size and risk management considerations rather than any dependence on the micro contract itself. The system is designed to scale naturally as capital grows.
Every trade is generated algorithmically according to predefined rules. There is no discretionary trade selection, no subjective market interpretation, and no manual intervention in the trading process. All signals published through Collective2 are generated directly from my live trading account.
Research prioritized robustness over optimization. Portfolio construction considered both individual model performance and inter-model correlation with the objective of improving overall portfolio robustness. Capital preservation, consistency, and long-term risk-adjusted performance were prioritized over maximizing standalone strategy returns.
Only models demonstrating robust historical performance, successful forward validation, and meaningful contribution to the overall portfolio were selected for live deployment.
The system has been extensively backtested, forward tested, and has been trading live since October 2025.
Risk management is embedded throughout the strategy. Core principles include:
- Fully systematic execution
- No discretionary overrides
- No martingale or progressive position sizing
- No averaging down losing positions
- Trading exclusively in one of the world's most liquid futures markets
- Diversification across multiple independent quantitative models
Like every systematic investment strategy, Singularity will experience losing trades and periods of drawdown. These are expected features of a probabilistic trading process rather than reasons to alter the underlying methodology. Performance should be evaluated over a meaningful number of trades and across complete market cycles instead of individual trades or short-term fluctuations.
Singularity is intended for investors who value discipline, transparency, and a repeatable quantitative investment process over short-term excitement.
The system comprises a diversified portfolio of independently developed systematic models designed to capture different market behaviors and sources of market edge. Rather than relying on a single methodology, each model contributes to the overall portfolio with the objective of improving consistency and reducing dependence on any individual trading approach.
The underlying research was performed using Nasdaq-100 futures (NQ), while the live implementation currently executes using Micro E-mini Nasdaq-100 (MNQ) futures. This reflects account size and risk management considerations rather than any dependence on the micro contract itself. The system is designed to scale naturally as capital grows.
Every trade is generated algorithmically according to predefined rules. There is no discretionary trade selection, no subjective market interpretation, and no manual intervention in the trading process. All signals published through Collective2 are generated directly from my live trading account.
Research prioritized robustness over optimization. Portfolio construction considered both individual model performance and inter-model correlation with the objective of improving overall portfolio robustness. Capital preservation, consistency, and long-term risk-adjusted performance were prioritized over maximizing standalone strategy returns.
Only models demonstrating robust historical performance, successful forward validation, and meaningful contribution to the overall portfolio were selected for live deployment.
The system has been extensively backtested, forward tested, and has been trading live since October 2025.
Risk management is embedded throughout the strategy. Core principles include:
- Fully systematic execution
- No discretionary overrides
- No martingale or progressive position sizing
- No averaging down losing positions
- Trading exclusively in one of the world's most liquid futures markets
- Diversification across multiple independent quantitative models
Like every systematic investment strategy, Singularity will experience losing trades and periods of drawdown. These are expected features of a probabilistic trading process rather than reasons to alter the underlying methodology. Performance should be evaluated over a meaningful number of trades and across complete market cycles instead of individual trades or short-term fluctuations.
Singularity is intended for investors who value discipline, transparency, and a repeatable quantitative investment process over short-term excitement.
Financials / Indexes
Hypothetical Monthly Returns (includes fees/commissions)
| Year | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | YTD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | -1.9 | 12.6 | 11.9 | -9.4 | 12.1 |
Statistics
Overview
| Strategy began | 7/2/2026 |
|---|---|
| Suggested Minimum Capital | $30,000 |
| Age | 98 days |
| C2 Rank | 941 |
| Rank at C2 % | Top 5.9% |
| Rank # | #141 |
| What it trades | Futures |
| # Trades | 149 |
| # Profitable | 56 |
| % Profitable | 37.6% |
| Avg trade duration | 6.5 hours |
| Max peak-to-valley drawdown | 15.6% |
| drawdown period | Sept 24, 2026 - Oct 08, 2026 |
| Cumul. Return | 12.1% |
| Avg win | $461 |
| Avg loss | $235 |
Ratios
| W:L ratio | 1.18 |
|---|---|
| Sharpe Ratio | 1.08 |
| Sortino Ratio | 2.37 |
| Calmar Ratio | 6.25 |
CORRELATION STATISTICS
| Correlation to SP500 | 0.26 |
|---|---|
| Return Percent SP500 (cumu) during strategy life | 3.8% |
| Return of Strat Pcnt - Return of SP500 Pcnt (cumu) | 8.4% |
Return Statistics
| Ann Return (w trading costs) | 50.9% |
|---|---|
| Return Pcnt (Compound or Annual, age-based, NFA compliant) | 0.1% |
| Return Pcnt Since TOS Status | 0.0% |
| Ann Return (Compnd, No Fees) | 73.2% |
Slump
| Current Slump as Pcnt Equity | 16.5% |
|---|---|
| Current Slump, time of slump as pcnt of strategy life | 0.1% |
Instruments
| Percent Trades Forex | 0.0% |
|---|---|
| Percent Trades Futures | 1.0% |
| Percent Trades Options | 0.0% |
| Short Options - Percent Covered | 100.0% |
| Percent Trades Stocks | 0.0% |
Risk of Ruin (Monte-Carlo)
| Chance of 10% account loss | 31.5% |
|---|---|
| Chance of 20% account loss | 3.0% |
| Chance of 30% account loss | 0.0% |
| Chance of 40% account loss | 0.0% |
| Chance of 50% account loss | 0.0% |
| Chance of 60% account loss (Monte Carlo) | 0.0% |
| Chance of 70% account loss (Monte Carlo) | 0.0% |
| Chance of 80% account loss (Monte Carlo) | 0.0% |
| Chance of 90% account loss (Monte Carlo) | 0.0% |
| Chance of 100% account loss (Monte Carlo) | 100.0% |
Automation
| Percentage Signals Automated | 0.0% |
|---|
Popularity
| Popularity (Today) | 0 |
|---|---|
| Popularity (Last 6 weeks) | 821 |
| C2 Score | 941 |
| Popularity (7 days, Percentile 1000 scale) | 725 |
Trading Style
| Any stock shorts? 0/1 | 0 |
|---|
Trades-Own-System Certification
| Trades Own System? | 187612 |
|---|---|
| TOS percent | 100.0% |
Win / Loss
| Avg Loss | $235 |
|---|---|
| Avg Win | $461 |
| # Winners | 56 |
| Sum Trade PL (losers) | $21,819 |
| Sum Trade PL (winners) | $25,838 |
| Num Months Winners | 2 |
| # Losers | 93 |
| % Winners | 37.6% |
Dividends
| Dividends Received in Model Acct | 0 |
|---|
Age
| Num Months filled monthly returns table | 4 |
|---|
Frequency
| Avg Position Time (mins) | 392.05 |
|---|---|
| Avg Position Time (hrs) | 6.53 |
| Avg Trade Length | 0.30 |
| Last Trade Ago | 0 |
Leverage
| Daily leverage (average) | 4.23 |
|---|---|
| Daily leverage (max) | 13.07 |
Regression
| Alpha | 0.11 |
|---|---|
| Beta | 1.01 |
| Treynor Index | 0.15 |
Maximum Adverse Excursion (MAE)
| MAE:Equity, average, all trades | 0.01 |
|---|---|
| MAE:Equity, 95th Percentile Value for this strat | 0.02 |
| MAE:Equity, average, losing trades | 0.01 |
| MAE:Equity, losing trades only, 95th Percentile Value for this strat | — |
| MAE:Equity, average, winning trades | 0.01 |
| MAE:Equity, win trades only, 95th Percentile Value for this strat | — |
| Avg(MAE) / Avg(PL) - All trades | -5.45 |
| MAE:PL (avg, all trades) | -0.69 |
| MAE:PL (avg, losing trades) | — |
| MAE:PL (avg, winning trades) | — |
| MAE:PL - worst single value for strategy | — |
| Avg(MAE) / Avg(PL) - Winning trades | 0.45 |
| Avg(MAE) / Avg(PL) - Losing trades | -1.11 |
| Hold-and-Hope Ratio | -0.20 |
RATIO STATISTICS
| Mean | 0.89 |
|---|---|
| SD | 0.23 |
| Sharpe ratio (Glass type estimate) | 3.86 |
| Sharpe ratio (Hedges UMVUE) | 2.18 |
| df | 2 |
| t | 1.93 |
| p | 0.10 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | -1.59 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | 8.93 |
| Lowerbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | -2.28 |
| Upperbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | 6.64 |
| Sortino ratio | 241.05 |
| Upside Potential Ratio | 243.05 |
| Upside part of mean | 0.90 |
| Downside part of mean | -0.01 |
| Upside SD | 0.32 |
| Downside SD | 0.00 |
| N nonnegative terms | 2 |
| N negative terms | 1 |
| N of observations | 3 |
| Mean of predictor | 0.10 |
| Mean of criterion | 0.89 |
| SD of predictor | 0.02 |
| SD of criterion | 0.23 |
| Covariance | -0.00 |
| r | -0.96 |
| b (slope, estimate of beta) | -14.25 |
| a (intercept, estimate of alpha) | 2.30 |
| Mean Square Error | 0.01 |
| DF error | 1 |
| t(b) | -3.30 |
| p(b) | 0.91 |
| t(a) | 4.93 |
| p(a) | 0.06 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | -69.12 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | 40.63 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | -3.63 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | 8.23 |
| Treynor index (mean / b) | -0.06 |
| Jensen alpha (a) | 2.30 |
| Mean | 0.84 |
| SD | 0.22 |
| Sharpe ratio (Glass type estimate) | 3.86 |
| Sharpe ratio (Hedges UMVUE) | 2.18 |
| df | 2 |
| t | 1.93 |
| p | 0.10 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | -1.59 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | 8.92 |
| Lowerbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | -2.28 |
| Upperbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | 6.64 |
| Sortino ratio | 228.07 |
| Upside Potential Ratio | 230.07 |
| Upside part of mean | 0.85 |
| Downside part of mean | -0.01 |
| Upside SD | 0.30 |
| Downside SD | 0.00 |
| N nonnegative terms | 2 |
| N negative terms | 1 |
| N of observations | 3 |
| Mean of predictor | 0.10 |
| Mean of criterion | 0.84 |
| SD of predictor | 0.02 |
| SD of criterion | 0.22 |
| Covariance | -0.00 |
| r | -0.96 |
| b (slope, estimate of beta) | -13.65 |
| a (intercept, estimate of alpha) | 2.18 |
| Mean Square Error | 0.01 |
| DF error | 1 |
| t(b) | -3.38 |
| p(b) | 0.91 |
| t(a) | 5.04 |
| p(a) | 0.06 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | -64.98 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | 37.68 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | -3.32 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | 7.69 |
| Treynor index (mean / b) | -0.06 |
| Jensen alpha (a) | 2.18 |
| VaR(95%) | 0.03 |
| Expected Shortfall on VaR | 0.06 |
| VaR(95%) | 0.00 |
| Expected Shortfall on VaR | 0.00 |
| Mean | 0.64 |
| SD | 0.43 |
| Sharpe ratio (Glass type estimate) | 1.49 |
| Sharpe ratio (Hedges UMVUE) | 1.48 |
| df | 69 |
| t | 0.77 |
| p | 0.22 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | -2.31 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | 5.29 |
| Lowerbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | -2.32 |
| Upperbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | 5.28 |
| Sortino ratio | 3.17 |
| Upside Potential Ratio | 11.30 |
| Upside part of mean | 2.28 |
| Downside part of mean | -1.64 |
| Upside SD | 0.38 |
| Downside SD | 0.20 |
| N nonnegative terms | 32 |
| N negative terms | 38 |
| N of observations | 70 |
| Mean of predictor | 0.12 |
| Mean of criterion | 0.64 |
| SD of predictor | 0.11 |
| SD of criterion | 0.43 |
| Covariance | 0.01 |
| r | 0.26 |
| b (slope, estimate of beta) | 1.03 |
| a (intercept, estimate of alpha) | 0.52 |
| Mean Square Error | 0.17 |
| DF error | 68 |
| t(b) | 2.25 |
| p(b) | 0.01 |
| t(a) | 0.64 |
| p(a) | 0.26 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | 0.12 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | 1.94 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | -1.09 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | 2.13 |
| Treynor index (mean / b) | 0.62 |
| Jensen alpha (a) | 0.52 |
| Mean | 0.55 |
| SD | 0.42 |
| Sharpe ratio (Glass type estimate) | 1.32 |
| Sharpe ratio (Hedges UMVUE) | 1.31 |
| df | 69 |
| t | 0.68 |
| p | 0.25 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | -2.48 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for Sharpe Ratio | 5.12 |
| Lowerbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | -2.49 |
| Upperbound of 95% CI (Gibbons, Hedeker & Davis approximation | 5.11 |
| Sortino ratio | 2.68 |
| Upside Potential Ratio | 10.76 |
| Upside part of mean | 2.21 |
| Downside part of mean | -1.66 |
| Upside SD | 0.36 |
| Downside SD | 0.21 |
| N nonnegative terms | 32 |
| N negative terms | 38 |
| N of observations | 70 |
| Mean of predictor | 0.11 |
| Mean of criterion | 0.55 |
| SD of predictor | 0.11 |
| SD of criterion | 0.42 |
| Covariance | 0.01 |
| r | 0.26 |
| b (slope, estimate of beta) | 0.98 |
| a (intercept, estimate of alpha) | 0.44 |
| Mean Square Error | 0.16 |
| DF error | 68 |
| t(b) | 2.19 |
| p(b) | 0.02 |
| t(a) | 0.56 |
| p(a) | 0.29 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | 0.09 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for beta | 1.87 |
| Lowerbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | -1.13 |
| Upperbound of 95% confidence interval for alpha | 2.01 |
| Treynor index (mean / b) | 0.56 |
| Jensen alpha (a) | 0.44 |
| VaR(95%) | 0.04 |
| Expected Shortfall on VaR | 0.05 |
| VaR(95%) | 0.02 |
| Expected Shortfall on VaR | 0.03 |
| VAR (95 Confidence Intrvl) | 0.04 |
ORDER STATISTICS
| Number of observations | 3 |
|---|---|
| Minimum | 1.00 |
| Quartile 1 | 1.05 |
| Median | 1.11 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.11 |
| Maximum | 1.12 |
| Mean of quarter 1 | 1.00 |
| Mean of quarter 2 | 1.11 |
| Mean of quarter 3 | 0 |
| Mean of quarter 4 | 1.12 |
| Inter Quartile Range | 0.06 |
| Number outliers low | 0 |
| Percentage of outliers low | 0 |
| Mean of outliers low | 0 |
| Number of outliers high | 0 |
| Percentage of outliers high | 0 |
| Mean of outliers high | 0 |
| Extreme Value Index (moments method) | 0 |
| VaR(95%) (moments method) | 0 |
| Expected Shortfall (moments method) | 0 |
| Extreme Value Index (regression method) | 0 |
| VaR(95%) (regression method) | 0 |
| Expected Shortfall (regression method) | 0 |
| Number of observations | 70 |
| Minimum | 0.94 |
| Quartile 1 | 0.99 |
| Median | 1.00 |
| Quartile 3 | 1.01 |
| Maximum | 1.12 |
| Mean of quarter 1 | 0.98 |
| Mean of quarter 2 | 1.00 |
| Mean of quarter 3 | 1.00 |
| Mean of quarter 4 | 1.03 |
| Inter Quartile Range | 0.01 |
| Number outliers low | 3 |
| Percentage of outliers low | 0.04 |
| Mean of outliers low | 0.96 |
| Number of outliers high | 5 |
| Percentage of outliers high | 0.07 |
| Mean of outliers high | 1.08 |
| Extreme Value Index (moments method) | 0.15 |
| VaR(95%) (moments method) | 0.02 |
| Expected Shortfall (moments method) | 0.03 |
| Extreme Value Index (regression method) | 0.43 |
| VaR(95%) (regression method) | 0.02 |
| Expected Shortfall (regression method) | 0.04 |
DRAW DOWN STATISTICS
| Number of observations | 0 |
|---|---|
| Minimum | 0 |
| Quartile 1 | 0 |
| Median | 0 |
| Quartile 3 | 0 |
| Maximum | 0 |
| Mean of quarter 1 | 0 |
| Mean of quarter 2 | 0 |
| Mean of quarter 3 | 0 |
| Mean of quarter 4 | 0 |
| Inter Quartile Range | 0 |
| Number outliers low | 0 |
| Percentage of outliers low | 0 |
| Mean of outliers low | 0 |
| Number of outliers high | 0 |
| Percentage of outliers high | 0 |
| Mean of outliers high | 0 |
| Extreme Value Index (moments method) | 0 |
| VaR(95%) (moments method) | 0 |
| Expected Shortfall (moments method) | 0 |
| Extreme Value Index (regression method) | 0 |
| VaR(95%) (regression method) | 0 |
| Expected Shortfall (regression method) | 0 |
| Number of observations | 7 |
| Minimum | 0.00 |
| Quartile 1 | 0.02 |
| Median | 0.05 |
| Quartile 3 | 0.09 |
| Maximum | 0.13 |
| Mean of quarter 1 | 0.01 |
| Mean of quarter 2 | 0.04 |
| Mean of quarter 3 | 0.07 |
| Mean of quarter 4 | 0.11 |
| Inter Quartile Range | 0.07 |
| Number outliers low | 0 |
| Percentage of outliers low | 0 |
| Mean of outliers low | 0 |
| Number of outliers high | 0 |
| Percentage of outliers high | 0 |
| Mean of outliers high | 0 |
| Extreme Value Index (moments method) | 0 |
| VaR(95%) (moments method) | 0 |
| Expected Shortfall (moments method) | 0 |
| Extreme Value Index (regression method) | 0 |
| VaR(95%) (regression method) | 0 |
| Expected Shortfall (regression method) | 0 |
| Strat Max DD how much worse than SP500 max DD during strat life? | -379207232 |
| Max Equity Drawdown (num days) | 14 |
| Last 4 Months - Pcnt Negative | 0.5% |
COMBINED STATISTICS
| Annualized return (arithmetic extrapolation) | 0.97 |
|---|---|
| Compounded annual return (geometric extrapolation) | 1.39 |
| Calmar ratio (compounded annual return / max draw down) | 0 |
| Compounded annual return / average of 25% largest draw downs | 0 |
| Compounded annual return / Expected Shortfall lognormal | 24.08 |
| j156mfCOMBRisPar | 0 |
| j157mfCOMBRisPar | 0 |
| Annualized return (arithmetic extrapolation) | 0.63 |
| Compounded annual return (geometric extrapolation) | 0.79 |
| Calmar ratio (compounded annual return / max draw down) | 6.25 |
| Compounded annual return / average of 25% largest draw downs | 7.02 |
| Compounded annual return / Expected Shortfall lognormal | 15.82 |
Trading record
Placed 443 trades in real-life brokerage accounts.
| Symbol | Side | Qty | Opened | Closed | P/L |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 2 | Oct 7, 2026 | Oct 7, 2026 | ($690) |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 11 | Oct 6, 2026 | Oct 7, 2026 | ($685) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Oct 5, 2026 | Oct 6, 2026 | ($207) |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 3 | Oct 5, 2026 | Oct 5, 2026 | $146 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 4 | Oct 5, 2026 | Oct 5, 2026 | $275 |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Oct 5, 2026 | Oct 5, 2026 | ($31) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Oct 5, 2026 | Oct 5, 2026 | ($205) |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 6 | Oct 2, 2026 | Oct 5, 2026 | ($984) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Oct 1, 2026 | Oct 2, 2026 | ($382) |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 5 | Sep 30, 2026 | Oct 1, 2026 | ($478) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Sep 30, 2026 | Sep 30, 2026 | ($310) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Sep 30, 2026 | Sep 30, 2026 | ($26) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Sep 29, 2026 | Sep 29, 2026 | ($101) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 6 | Sep 29, 2026 | Sep 29, 2026 | $604 |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 3 | Sep 29, 2026 | Sep 29, 2026 | ($318) |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 1 | Sep 29, 2026 | Sep 29, 2026 | ($79) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 3 | Sep 29, 2026 | Sep 29, 2026 | ($305) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 5 | Sep 28, 2026 | Sep 28, 2026 | $459 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 5 | Sep 25, 2026 | Sep 28, 2026 | ($1,464) |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 1 | Sep 24, 2026 | Sep 24, 2026 | $357 |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Sep 24, 2026 | Sep 24, 2026 | $318 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 2 | Sep 24, 2026 | Sep 24, 2026 | ($198) |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Sep 23, 2026 | Sep 24, 2026 | $350 |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 1 | Sep 22, 2026 | Sep 23, 2026 | $72 |
| @MNQ Z6 | short | 3 | Sep 22, 2026 | Sep 22, 2026 | $191 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 1 | Sep 22, 2026 | Sep 22, 2026 | $41 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 3 | Sep 22, 2026 | Sep 22, 2026 | $747 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 13 | Sep 21, 2026 | Sep 22, 2026 | $4,083 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 1 | Sep 21, 2026 | Sep 21, 2026 | $148 |
| @MNQ Z6 | long | 1 | Sep 18, 2026 | Sep 21, 2026 | $1,037 |
Past results are not necessarily indicative of future results.
These results are based on simulated or hypothetical performance results that have certain inherent limitations. Unlike the results shown in an actual performance record, these results do not represent actual trading. Also, because these trades have not actually been executed, these results may have under-or over-compensated for the impact, if any, of certain market factors, such as lack of liquidity. Simulated or hypothetical trading programs in general are also subject to the fact that they are designed with the benefit of hindsight. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to these being shown.